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本帖最后由 Reader86 于 2026-11-2 12:29 AM 编辑
Sigmund Freud’s ideas and theories might look outdated today, but there’s no denying the influence that he’s had on the advancement of psychology and techniques. We’ve all heard the stories about how everything goes back to sex with Freud, but it’s worth taking a closer look at some of his most fascinating patients.
10, Mathilde Schleicher
Mathilde Schleicher was one of Freud’s first patients when he began his practice as a “nerve doctor” in 1886. Her story is rather heartbreaking. Schleicher was a musician whose troubles started in earnest when she was abandoned by her fiance. She was always prone to migraines, and her mental health issues spiraled out of control, causing her to fall into a deep, dark depression. She was referred to Freud for treatment, and he began a series of hypnotherapy sessions. That was in April 1886. By June 1889, she had dug her way out of the depression and was so grateful for all his help that she even presented him with an inscribed textbook, thanking him for all he’d done for her.Within a month, however, her depression had turned into mania and insomnia. She talked constantly about the fame and fortune that she was going to find with her music career, and she also experienced regular convulsions. Freud referred her to the private medical practice and clinic of Dr. Wilhelm Svetlin, where she was diagnosed not only with what would later become known as manic depression or bipolar disorder, but also as a nymphomaniac, since she regularly stripped and called out for Freud. Other notes suggest that her problems were even deeper. She apparently believed that every one of her bowel movements was a birth and would try to hide her “children” beneath her pillow.
Schleicher spent the next seven months on a continuous cocktail of sedatives like opium, morphine, chloral hydrate, and even cannabis. Gradually, and perhaps unsurprisingly, the manic episodes subsided, and she was released in May 1890. She died in September, with Freud still treating her now-returned depression with chloral hydrate and a new drug called sulfonal. No one noticed that her urine had been filled with blood—a sign of liver damage caused by her medication—until it was too late.
9, Little Hans
Because he’s Freud, you can probably guess that his explanation for the little boy’s fear wasn’t just due to witnessing the traumatic death of one. According to Freud, Hans was particularly scared of horses that had black muzzles, and he saw this as an association with his father’s mustache. He didn’t like horses wearing blinders, either, which Freud took to mean that he was associating them with his father’s glasses.
Eventually, Freud diagnosed the little boy’s fear of horses as an extension of his Oedipus complex. The horse represented his father, largely because of the mustache-and-glasses comparison, along with the tendency of male horses to be very well-endowed. Little Hans, Freud said, was right in the middle of developing an intense, sexual love for his mother and saw his father as a rival for her love and attention. His father was, of course, considerably bigger and stronger than he is, leading to the development of a fear not only of his father, but, by extension, of horses.
Because much of the therapy was done with Hans’s father acting as intermediary, Freud determined that his fear of horses wasn’t going to be going away anytime soon, as his therapy was dependent on the person whom he was afraid of. When Freud sat down to talk to the boy, he reported that everything that went on in the counseling session only supported his theories and what he had already determined about the Oedipus complex.
Don’t worry about what became of Little Hans; Freud followed up with him when he was 19. Not only had he grown up to be completely normal, but he couldn’t even remember any of what he’d believed when he was five.
8, Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O) (移情（Transference）和反移情（Countertransference）)
For years, this patient of Dr. Josef Breuer and Freud’s was referred to only as “Anna O” in order to protect her real identity—Bertha Pappenheim. Pappenheim began treatment with Breuer for a strange sort of hysteria that began when her father fell ill and got worse when he ultimately died from his illness. She was suffering from a wide range of symptoms, including mood swings, hallucinations, a nervous cough, destructive outbursts, and partial paralysis. At times, she also forgot how to speak her native German tongue and was able to only read and speak in English and French.Breuer spent hundreds of hours with her, getting her to talk through the problems at the root of her suffering. At first, she would only speak in fairy tales, making up stories about what she was thinking and feeling in what she called “chimney sweeping.” Gradually, he was able to hypnotize her to take her back to the moments that disturbed her the most, encouraging her to talk about them, forming the basis of a therapy method that’s pretty familiar today.
Just how much of her mental illness was real and how much of it was a way to keep the attention of her therapist has been up for debate. Freud, who had been a close friend as well as colleague of Breuer’s (Freud even named his oldest daughter after Breuer’s wife), condemned him as being a bit foolish for absolutely missing the sexual component of her treatment. He argued that clearly, part of her problem was her absolute infatuation with Breuer. Freud was so outspoken about his belief that it led to the sudden, bitter end of the friendship.
Publicly, Freud used Pappenheim’s case as the basis for his work in psychoanalytic therapy. At the same time, however, he lambasted Breuer to his students and used the case as an example of what can happen when a therapist ignores what are clearly sexual fantasies. Freud claimed that Pappenheim’s heartbreak over her father’s death was actually because of the incestuous, sexual fantasies she had toward him. She transferred these fantasies to Breuer as the new authority figure. According to Freud, Breuer had told him of an episode late in her treatment where he had fled her home after finding his patient in the grip of “hysterical” (and false) childbirth. She had become convinced that she was pregnant with Breuer’s child. Pappenheim’s horrified estate denied that any of it was ever true when her real identity was released after her death.
7, Irma’s Injection
6, Ernst Lanzer (Rat Man)
5, Ida Bauer (Dora)
4, Fanny Moser
3, Hilda Doolittle (H.D.)
2, Daniel Paul Schreber
1, Daniel Paul Schreber
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